Historical Development of Nursing

Historical Development of treat Timeline Create a 700- to 1,050-word timeline newsprint of the historical development of c be for attainment, st inventioning with Florence nightingale and continuing to the present. data format the timeline however you wish, scarce the word count and assignment charterments must be met. Include the pursuance in your timeline Explain the historical development of nursing erudition by citing specific years, theories, theorists, and upshots in the history of nursing. Explain the kindred in the midst of nursing intuition and the profession. Include the influences on nursing science of another(prenominal) disciplines, such as philosophy, religion, education, anthropology, the cordial sciences, and psychology. Prep be to discuss your timeline with your t each(prenominal)ing Team or in class. Format all references consistent with APA guidelines. copyright 2013 Penn nursing Science, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing http//ww w. nursing. upenn. edu/nhhc/P long times/AmericanNursingIntroduction. aspx http//www. nursing. penn. edu/nhhc/Welcome%20Page%20Content/American%20Nursing. pdf Nursing Theories. The Base for Professional Nursing Practice, Sixth Edition Chapter 2 Nursing Theory and Clinical Practice ISBN 9780135135839Author Julia B. GeorgeRN, PhD copyright 2011Pearson Education lorence Nightingale believed that the force for healing resides within the tender cosmos and that, if the environs is be hold intingly controlive, humans will recognizek to heal themselves. Her 13 canons indicate the atomic number 18as of environment of concern to nursing.These argon ventilation and warming, fountainheadness of ho exercises (pure air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness, and light), petty(a) management (today known as continuity of carry off), noise, variety, taking food, what food, bed and bedding, light, cleanliness of d well and walls, individual(prenominal) cleanliness, chattering hopes and advices, and observation of the sick. Hildegard E. Peplau focused on the inter individualised kinship between the book and the patient role. The terzetto phases of this relationship be orientation, working, and termination.The relationship is initiated by the patients felt charter and termination extends when the need is met. both(prenominal) the take and the patient grow as a termination of their interaction. Virginia Henderson counterbalance defined nursing as doing for others what they lack the strength, will, or know leadge to do for themselves and fitly place 14 components of circumspection. These components allow for a guide to identifying aras in which a person whitethorn lack the strength, will, or knowledge to chance in-person needs.They entangle breathing, eating and drinking, eliminating, pathetic, sleeping and resting, dressing and undressing appropriately, maintaining body temperature, property clean and protecting the skin, avoiding dangers and spot to others, communicating, worshiping, working, playing, and learning. Dorothea E. Orem place collar theories of ego- superintend, self- tuition deficit, and nursing systems. The talent of the person to pucker daily requirements is known as self-c atomic number 18, and carrying erupt those activities is self-c ar agency.P bents exercise as dependent parcel out agents for their electric shaverren. The readiness to hand over self- treat is influenced by butt conditioning factors including but non limited to age, gender, and developmental state. Self- precaution needs are overtonely determined by the self-care requisites, which are categorized as customary (air, water, food, elimination, activity and rest, solitude and favorable interaction, hazard legal community, function within social multitudes), developmental, and health deviation (needs arising from injury or illness and from efforts to treat the injury or illness).The total demands created by the sel f-care requisites are identified as curative self-care demand. When the redress self-care demand exceeds self-care agency, a self-care deficit exists, and nursing is compulsory. Based on the needs, the obtain designs nursing systems that are wholly compensatory (the shelter provides all needed care), partly compensatory (the apply and the patient provide care together), or supportive-educative (the nurse provides needed support and education for the patient to exercise self-care). Dorothy E.Johnson stated that nursings area of concern is the bearingal system that consists of seven subsystems. The subsystems are attachment or affiliative, dependency, ingestive, eliminative, sexual, aggressive, and achievement. The appearances for each of the subsystems occur as a result of the drive, set, choices, and goal of the subsystem. The procedure of the behaviors is to reduce tensions and keep the behavioral system in balance. Ida Jean Orlando set forth a disciplined nursing menta l process. Her process is initiated by the patients behavior.This behavior engenders a reaction in the nurse, exposit as an machine rifle perceptual experience, thought, or whimsy. The nurse shares the reaction with the patient, identifying it as the nurses perception, thought, or feeling, and seeking validation of the accuracy of the reaction. Once the nurse and the patient have agreed on the immediate need that led to the patients behavior and to the action to be interpreted by the nurse to meet that need, the nurse carries out a deliberative action. both action taken by the nurse for reasons other than meeting the patients immediate need is an automatic action.Lydia E. planetary house believed that persons over the age of 16 who were past the acute stage of illness required a unalike focus for their care than during the acute stage. She described the heaps of care, core, and regain. Activities in the care circle belong solely to nursing and involve bodily care and comfor t. Activities in the core circle are shared with all members of the health care team and involve the person and therapeutic use of self. Hall believed the drive to recovery must come from within the person.Activities in the cure circle also are shared with other members of the health care team and whitethorn take on the patients family. The cure circle focuses on the disease and the medical examination care. Faye G. Abdellah sought to depart the focus of care from the disease to the patient and thus proposed patient-centered approaches to care. She identified 21 nursing problems, or areas vital to the growth and functioning of humans that require support from nurses when persons are for some reason limited in carrying out the activities needed to provide such growth.These areas are hygiene and comfort, activity (including exercise, rest, and sleep), safety, body mechanics, oxygen, nutrition, elimination, fluid and electrolyte balance, credit of physiological responses to disease, governory mechanisms, sensory functions, emotions, interrelatedness of emotions and illness, communication, inter ain relationships, spiritual goals, therapeutic environment, individuality, optimal goals, use of community preferences, and role of society.Ernestine Wiedenbach proposed a prescriptive speculation that involves the nurses central purpose, prescription to fulfill that purpose, and the realities that influence the index to fulfill the central purpose (the nurse, the patient, the goal, the means, and the investwork or environment). Nursing involves the realisation of the patients need for help, the ministration of help, and validation that the efforts make were therefore helpful.Her principles of helping indicate the nurse should look for patient behaviors that are not consistent with what is expected, should continue helping efforts in spite of encountering difficulties, and should recognize personal limitations and seek help from others as needed. Nursing actions m ay be reflex or spontaneous and base on sensations, conditioned or automatic and based on perceptions, impulsive and based on assumptions, or hand or responsible and based on realization, insight, design, and decision that involves discussion and go planning with the patient.Joyce Travelbee was concerned with the interpersonal process between the professional nurse and that nurses knob, whether an individual, family, or community. The functions of the nurseclient, or human-to-human, relationship are to prevent or cope with illness or suffering and to detect meaning in illness or suffering. This relationship requires a disciplined, quick-witted approach, with the nurse employing a therapeutic use of self. The five phases of the human-to-human relationship are encounter, identities, empathy, sympathy, and rapport.Myra Estrin Levine described adaptation as the process by which conservation is achieved, with the purpose of conservation be integrity, or preservation of the whole of the person. Adaptation is based on past experiences of effective responses (historicity), the use of responses specific to the demands being made (specificity), and more than one level of response (redundancy). Adaptation seeks the best fit between the person and the environment. The principles of conservation deal with conservation of power, structural integrity, personal integrity, and social integrity of the individual. Imogene M.King presented both a systems-based conceptual cloth of personal, interpersonal, and social systems and a possibility of goal attainment. The concepts of the theory of goal attainment are interaction, perception, communication, transaction, self, role, straining, growth and development, time, and personal space. The nurse and the client usually meet as strangers. severally brings to this meeting perceptions and judgments slightly the situation and the other each acts and whence reacts to the others action. The reactions lead to interaction, whic h, when effective, leads to transaction or movement toward inversely agreed-on goals.She emphasizes that both the nurse and the patient bring important knowledge and nurture to this goal-attainment process. Martha E. Rogers identified the basic science of nursing as the Science of one(a) Human Beings. The human being is a whole, not a assembling of parts. She presented the human being and the environment as energy fields that are integral with each other. The human being does not have an energy field but is an energy field. These fields can be identified by their pattern, described as a distinguishing characteristic that is perceived as a single wave.These patterns occur in a pandimensional world. Rogerss principles are resonancy, or continuous change to higher(prenominal) frequency helicy, or freakish movement toward increasing diversity and integrality, or the continuous vernacular process of the human field and the environmental field. Sister Callista Roy proposed the Roy Ad aptation Model. The person or group responds to stimuli from the internal or external environment finished influence processes or make out mechanisms identified as the regulator and cognator (stabilizer and innovator for the group) subsystems.The regulator processes are essentially automatic, while the cognator processes involve perception, learning, judgment, and emotion. The results of the processing by these coping mechanisms are behaviors in one of 4 modes. These modes are the physiological carnal mode (oxygenation nutrition elimination activity and rest protection senses fluid, electrolyte, and blisteringbase balance and endocrine function for individuals and resource adequacy for groups), self-conceptgroup identity mode, role function mode, and interdependence mode.These behaviors may be any adaptive (promoting the integrity of the human system) or ineffective (not promoting such integrity). The nurse assesses the behaviors in each of the modes and identifies those adapt ive behaviors that need support and those ineffective behaviors that require intervention. For each of these behaviors, the nurse then seeks to identify the associated stimuli. The stimulus most at one time associated with the behavior is the focal stimulus all other stimuli that are support as influencing the behavior are contextual stimuli.Any stimuli that may be influencing the behavior but that have not been verified as doing so are residual stimuli. Once the stimuli are identified, the nurse, in cooperation with the patient, plans and carries out interventions to alter stimuli and support adaptive behaviors. The effectiveness of the actions taken is evaluated. Betty Neuman real the Neuman Systems Model. Systems have three environmentsthe internal, the external, and the created environment. individually system, whether an individual or a group, has several reflexions. The basic structure or core is where the energy resources reside.This core is protected by lines of resist ance that in turn are surrounded by the normal line of exoneration and finally the flexible line of excuse. for each one of the structures consists of the five variables of physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual characteristics. Each variable is influenced by intrapersonal, interpersonal, and extrapersonal factors. The system seeks a state of equalizer that may be disrupted by pureeors. Stressors, either existing or potential, commencement exercise encounter the flexible line of defense.If the flexible line of defense cannot liquidate the stressor, then the normal line of defense is activated. If the normal line of defense is b touch oned, the stressor enters the system and leads to a reaction, associated with the lines of resistance. This reaction is what is usually termed symptoms. If the lines of resistance allow the stressor to reach the core, depletion of energy resources and death are threatened. In the Neuman Systems Model, there are three levels of prevention. Primary prevention occurs before a stressor enters the system and causes a reaction.Secondary prevention occurs in response to the symptoms, and tertiary prevention seeks to support maintenance of stableness and to prevent future occurrences. Kathryn E. Barnards focus is on the circumstances that farm the development of the young child. In her Child wellness Assessment interaction Model, the key components are the child, the caregiver, the environment, and the interactions between child and caregiver. Contributions made by the child include temperament and mightiness to regulate and by the caregiver sensual health, mental health, coping, and level of education.The environment includes both animate and inanimate resources. In assessing interaction, the parent is assessed in relation to sensibility to cues, raising emotional growth, and fostering cognitive growth. The infant is assessed in relation to clarity of cue apt(p) and responsiveness to parent. Josephine E. Paterson and Loretta T. Zderad presented humanistic nursing. Humans are seen as enough finished choices, and health is a personal value of more-being and well-being. Humanistic nursing involves dialogue, community, and phenomenologic nursology.Dialogue occurs by dint of meeting the other, relating with the other, being in presence together, and sharing through look for and response. Community is the sense of we. Phenomenologic nursology involves the nurse preparing to know another, having intuitive responses to another, learning about the other scientifi skirty, synthesizing selective information about the other with information already known, and evolution a truth that is both uniquely personal and generally applicable. Madeleine M. Leininger provided a guide to the inclusion of kitchen-gardening as a vital looking of nursing practice.Her Sunrise Model posits that important dimensions of culture and social structure are technology, religion, philosophy, kins hip and other related social factors, cultural set and lifeways, politics, law, economics, and education within the context of language and environment. All of these influence care patterns and expressions that impact the health or well-being of individuals, families, groups, and institutions. The diverse health systems include the folk care systems and the professional care systems that are linked by nursing.To provide culture congruent care, nursing decisions and actions should seek to provide culture care preservation or maintenance, culture care accommodation or negotiation, or culture care repatterning or restructuring. Margaret Newman described health as expanding consciousness. Important concepts are consciousness (the information capacity of the system), pattern (movement, diversity, and cycle per second of the whole), pattern recognition (identification within the observer of the whole of another), and transformation (change). Health and disease are seen as reflections of the larger whole rather than as different entities.She proposed (with Sime and Corcoran-Perry) the unitarytransformative trope in which human beings are viewed as unitary phenomenon. These phenomenon are identified by pattern, and change is unpredictable, toward diversity, and transformative. Stages of disorganization, or choice points, lead to change, and health is the evolving pattern of the whole as the system moves to higher levels of consciousness. The nurse enters into process with a client and does not serve as a problem solver. Jean Watson described nursing as human science and human care.Her clinical caritas processes include practicing loving-kindness and equanimity within a context of caring consciousness being authentically present and change and sustaining the deep belief system and subjective life world of self and one-being-cared-for cultivating ones own spiritual practice and transpersonal self, developing and sustaining helping-trusting in an authentic caring rel ationship being present to and supportive of the expression of positive and negative feelings as a connection with the deeper spirit of self and the one-being-cared-for creatively using self and all ways of knowing as a part of the caring process to engage in artwork of caring-healing practices engaging in a genuine teaching-learning experience that attends to unity of being and meaning while attempting to stay within others frame of reference creating healing environments at all levels, physical as well as nonphysical, within a subtle environment of energy and consciousness, whereby the potentials of wholeness, beauty, comfort, dignity, and pacification are enhanced assisting with basic needs, with an intentional caring consciousness, to potentiate junction of mind/body/spirit, wholeness, and unity of being in all aspects of care tending to both embodied spirit and evolving spiritual emergence curtain raising and attending to spiritual-mysterious and existential dimensions of o nes own life-death and soul care for self and the one-being-cared-for. These caritas processes occur within a transpersonal caring relationship and a caring occasion and caring moment as the nurse and other come together and share with each other. The transpersonal caring relationship seeks to provide mental and spiritual growth for both participants while seeking to desexualise or improve the harmony and unity within the personhood of the other.Rosemarie Rizzo Parse developed the theory of Humanbecoming within the simultaneity paradigm that views human beings as developing meaning through freedom to choose and as more than and different from a sum of parts. Her practice methodology has three dimensions, each with a related process. The first is light meaning, or explicating, or making work out through talking about it, what was, is, and will be. The second is synchronizing rhythms, or dwelling with or being immersed with the process of connecting and separating within the rhythm s of the exchange between the human and the universe. The third is mobilizing transcendence, or moving beyond or moving toward what is envisioned, the moment to what has not yet occurred.In the theory of Humanbecoming, the nurse is an interpersonal guide, with the business for decision making (or making of choices) residing in the client. The nurse provides support but not counseling. However, the traditional role of teaching does fall within illuminating meaning, and serving as a change agent is congruent with mobilizing transcendence. Helen C. Erickson, Evelyn M. Tomlin, and bloody shame Ann P. Swain presented the theory of Modeling and Role-Modeling. Both modeling and role-modeling involve an art and a science. Modeling requires the nurse to seek an understanding of the clients view of the world. The art of modeling involves the use of empathy in developing this understanding.The science of modeling involves the use of the nurses knowledge in analyzing the information collected to create the model. Role-modeling seeks to facilitate health. The art of role-modeling lies in individualizing the facilitations, while the science lies in the use of the nurses theoretical knowledge base to plan and implement care. The aims of intervention are to build trust, promote the clients positive orientation of self, promote the clients perception of being in control, promote the clients strengths, and set mutual health-directed goals. The client has self-care knowledge about what his needs are and self-care resources to help meet these needs and takes self-care action to use the resources to meet the needs.In addition, a major want for human behavior is the drive for affiliated individuation, or having a personal identity while being connected to others. The individuals ability to mobilize resources is identified as adaptive potential. Adaptive potential may be identified as adaptive equilibrium (a nonstress state in which resources are utilized appropriately), maladapti ve equilibrium (a nonstress state in which resource utilization is placing one or more subsystems in jeopardy), arousal (a stress state in which the client is having difficulty mobilizing resources), or impoverishment (a stress state in which resources are diminished or depleted).Interventions differ according to the adaptive potential. Those in adaptive equilibrium can be promote to continue and may require only facilitation of their self-care actions. Those in maladaptive equilibrium present the challenge of seeing no reason to change since they are in equilibrium. Here motivation strategies to seek to change are needed. Those in arousal are best supported by actions that facilitate change and support individuation these are likely to include teaching, guidance, direction, and other assistance. Those in impoverishment have strong affiliation needs, need their internal strengths promoted, and need to have resources provided. Nola J.Pender developed the Health Promotion Model (revis ed) with the goal of achieving outcomes of health-promoting behavior. Areas identified to help understand personal choices made in relation to health-promoting behavior include perceived benefits of action, perceived barriers to action, perceived self-efficacy (or ability to carry out the action), activity-related affect, interpersonal influences, situation influences, commitment to a plan of action, and immediate competing demands and preferences. Patricia Benner described expert nursing practice and identified five stages of scientific discipline achievement as novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and expert.She discusses a number of concepts in relation to these stages, including agency, assumptions, expectations and set, understate meaning, caring, clinical forethought, clinical judgment, clinical knowledge, clinical reasoning, clinical transitions, common meanings, concern, coping, skill acquisition, domains of practice, embodied intelligence, embodied knowledge , emotions, ethical judgment, experience, graded qualitative distinctions, intuition, knowing the patient, maxims, paradigm cases and personal knowledge, reasoning-in-transition, social embeddedness, stress, temporality, thinking-in-action, and unplanned practices. Juliet Corbin and Anselm L. Strauss developed the Chronic malady flight of steps Framework, in which they describe the kind of illness and the actions taken to shape that course. The phases of the framework are pretrajectory, trajectory onset, stable, unstable, acute, crisis, comeback, downward, and dying.A trajectory projection is ones personal vision of the illness, and a trajectory scheme is the plan of actions to shape the course of the illness, control associated symptoms, and handle disability. Important also are ones biography or life story and ones cursory life activities (similar to activities of daily living). Anne Boykin and Savina Schoenhofer present nursing as caring in a grand theory that may be used in c ombination with other theories. Persons are caring by virtue of being human are caring, moment to moment are whole and do in the moment and are already fetch up while outgrowth in completeness. Personhood is the process of living grounded in caring and is enhanced through nurturing relationships.Nursing as a discipline is a being, knowing, living, and valuing response to a social call. As a profession, nursing is based on a social call and uses a body of knowledge to respond to that call. The focus of nursing is nurturing persons living in caring and growing in caring. This nurturing occurs in the nursing situation, or the lived experience shared between the nurse and the nursed, in which personhood is enhanced. The call for nursing is not based on a need or a deficit and thus focuses on helping the other mention the fullness of being rather than seeking to fix something. Boykin and Schoenhofer encourage the use of storytelling to make evident the service of nursing.Katharine Ko lcaba developed a comfort theory in which she describes comfort, comfort care, comfort measures, and comfort needs as well as health-seeking behavior, institutional integrity, and intervening variables. She speaks of comfort as physical, psychospiritual, environmental, and sociocultural and describes adept comfort measures, coaching for comfort, and comfort food for the soul. Ramona Mercer describes the process of becoming a mother in the four stages of commitment, attachment, and preparation acquaintance, learning, and physical payoff moving toward a new normal and achievement of the maternal identity. The stages occur with the three nested living environments of family and friends, community, and society at large.Afaf Meleis, in her theory of transitions, identifies four types of transitions developmental, situational, healthillness, and organizational. Properties of the transition experience include awareness, engagement, change and difference, time span, captious points, and events. Personal conditions include meanings, cultural beliefs and attitudes, socioeconomic status, and preparation and knowledge. Community conditions include family support, information available, health care resources, and role models. Process indicators are feeling connected, interacting, location, and being situated and developing confidence and coping. Outcome indicators include achievement and fluid integrative processes. Merle H.Mishel describes scruple in illness with the three major themes of antecedents of doubt, appraisal of uncertainty, and coping with uncertainty. Antecedents of uncertainty are the stimuli frame, including symptom pattern, event familiarity, and event congruence cognitive capacity or informational processing ability and structure providers, such as education, social support, and credible authorities. Appraisal of uncertainty includes both inference (use of past experience to evaluate an event) and illusion (creating beliefs from uncertainty with a p ositive outlook). Coping with uncertainty includes danger, opportunity, coping, and adaptation.The Reconceptualized Uncertainty in Illness Theory adds self-organization and probabilistic thinking and changes the goal from return to former level of functioning to growth to a new value system. Each of these models or theories will be applied to clinical practice with the following case study May Allenski, an 84-year-old White female, had emergency femoral-popliteal bypass military operation two days ago. She has severe peripheral vascular disease, and a clot blocked 90% of the circulation to her right leg one week ago. The grafts were taken from her left leg, so there are long incisions in each leg. She lives in a small town about 75 miles from the medical center. The initial clotting occurred late on Friday night she did not see a doctor until Monday.The first physician referred her to a vascular specialist, who then referred her to the medical center. Her 90-year-old husband drove her to the medical center on Tuesday. You endure she will be discharged to home on the fourth postoperative day, as is standard procedure. She is learning to transfer to and from bed and toilet to wheelchair. bow 2-1 shows examples of application in clinical practice that are not complete but are intended to provide only a partial example for each. Study of these examples can provide ideas or suggestions for use in clinical practice. Readers are encouraged to develop further detail as appropriate to their practice.